Surface Analysis

Surface analysis with Anton Paar’s high-end measuring instrument: The electrokinetic analyzer enables the fully automatic determination of the zeta potential on macroscopic solid surfaces. Surface analysis system: repeatable, reproducible, reliable.

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Surface analysis: Knowledge of surface properties is important for the successful development of new materials in all technical and biological fields. A new product’s surface chemistry and the adaptation of this using surface treatments is often essential for its use. Besides the characterization of surface chemistry on solids, it is also useful to gain insights into its interaction with the natural or near-natural environment to allow rapid and successful development of products with new material properties.


The surface analysis device from Anton Paar provides essential information about surface charge: zeta potential. The electrokinetic analyzer has a wide range of applications, ranging from plastics, technical fibers, textiles, filter media and investigations into biomaterials and semiconductor substrates.


Surface analysis in next to no time:

  • User-friendly user interface
  • High degree of automation
  • Rapid, meaningful and precise results
  • Sophisticated measuring cell design
  • Minimum work for sample preparation

Call our specialists for more information about surface analysis at Anton Paar.


Anton Paar: New possibilities in surface analysis

Membranes and Filters

Biomaterials

Polymers

Textile

Minerals

Microfluidics

Theory

Fibers

Proteins

 

 

Membranes and Filters

 

 Q. Yang, M. Ulbricht, Novel Membrane Adsorbers with Grafted Zwitterionic Polymers Synthesized by Surface-Initiated ATRP and Their Salt-Modulated Permeability and Protein Binding Properties, Chem. Mater. 24 (2012) 2943-2951

 

K. Wojciechowski, K. Linek, Anion selectivity at the aqueous/polymeric membrane interface: A streaming current study of potentiometric Hofmeister effect, Electrochim. Acta 71 (2012) 159-165

 

A. Antony, N. Subhi, R. K. Henderson, S. J. Khan, R. M. Stuetz, P. Le-Clech, V. Chen, G. Leslie, Comparison of reverse osmosis membrane fouling profiles from Australian water recycling plants, J. Membr. Sci. 407-408 (2012) 8-16

 

Van Thanh Do, Chuyang Y. Tang, Martin Reinhard, James O. Leckie, Degradation of Polyamide Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes by Hypochlorite, Environ. Sci, Technol. 46 (2012) 852-859

 

L. Setiawan, R. Wang, K. Li, A. G. Fane, Fabrication and characterization of forward osmosis hollow fiber membranes with antifouling NF-like selective layer, J. Membr. Sci. 394-395 (2012) 80-88

 

A. Simon, W. E. Price, L. D. Nghiem, Effects of chemical cleaning on the nanofiltration of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), Sep. Purif. Technol. 88 (2012) 208-215

 

G. Zhang, J. Li, S. Ji, Self-assembly of novel architectural nanohybrid multilayers and their selective separation of solvent-water mixtures, AIChE Journal (2011)

 

G. Zhang, L. Dai, S. Ji, Dynamic pressure-driven covalent assembly of inner skin hollow fiber multilayer membrane, AIChE Journal 57 (2011) 2746-2754

 

J. F. Fernandez, B. Jastorff, R. Störmann, S. Stolte, J. Thöming, Thinking in Terms of Structure-Activity-Relationships (T-SAR): A Tool to Better Understand Nanofiltration Membranes, Membranes 1 (2011) 162-183

 

R. Bernstein, S. Belfer, V. Freger, Bacterial Attachment to RO Membranes Surface-Modified by Concentration-Polarization-Enhanced Graft Polymerization, Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011) 5973-5980

 

S. Lee, E. Lee, M. Elimelech, S. Hong, Membrane characterization by dynamic hysteresis: Measurements, mechanisms, and implication for membrane fouling, J. Membr. Sci. 366 (2011) 17-24

 

E. M. Van Wagner, A. C. Sagle, M. M. Sharma, Y.-H. La, B. D. Freeman, Surface modification of commercial polyamide desalination membranes using poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether to enhance membrane fouling resistance, J. Membr. Sci. 367 (2011) 273-287

 

M. Dalwani, N. E. Benes, G. Bargeman, D. Stamatialis, M. Wessling, Effect of pH on the performance of polyamide/polyacrylonitrile based thin film composite membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 372 (2011) 228-238

 

  K. K. Kopec, S. M. Dutczak, M. Wessling, D. F. Stamatialis, Tailoring the surface charge of ultrafiltration hollow fiber by addition of a polyanion to the coagulation bore liquid, J. Membr. Sci. 369 (2011) 59-67

 

L. Setiawan, R. Wang, K. Li, A. G. Fane, Fabrication of novel poly(amide-imide) forward osmosis hollow fiber membranes with a positively charged nanofiltration-like selective layer, J. Membr. Sci. 369 (2011) 196-205

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 X.-L. Li, L.-P. Zhu, Y.-Y. Xu, Z. Yi, B.-K. Zhu, A novel positively charged nanofiltration membrane prepared from N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate by quaternization cross-linking, J. Membr. Sci. 374 (2011) 33-42

 

S. Phuntsho, A. Listowski, H. K. Shon, P. Le-Clech, S. Vigneswaran, Membrane autopsy of a 10 year old hollow fibre membrane from Sydney Olympic Park water reclamation plant, Desalination 271 (2011) 241-247

 

M. Dalwani, G. Bargeman, S.S. Hosseiny, M. Boerrigter, M. Wessling, N. E. Benes, Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) based composite membranes for nanofiltration of acidic and alkaline media, J. Membr. Sci. 381 (2011) 81-89

M. Dalwani, N. E. Benes, G. Bargeman, D. Stamatialis, M. Wessling, A method for characterizing membranes during nanofiltration at extreme pH, J. Membr. Sci. 363 (2010) 188-194

 

G. Hurwitz, G. R. Guillen, E. M. V. Hoek, Probing polyamide membrane surface charge, zeta potential, wettability, and hydrophilicity with contact angle measurements, J. Membr. Sci. 349 (2010) 349-357

 

G. Makdissy, P. M. Huck, M. M. Reid, G. G. Leppard, J. Haberkamp, M. Jekel, S. Peldszus, Investigating the fouling layer of polyamide nanofiltration membranes treating two different natural waters: internal heterogeneity yet converging surface properties, J. Water Supply Res. Technol. 59 (2010) 164-178

 

A. Yaroshchuk, T. Luxbacher, Interpretation of Electrokinetic Measurements with Porous Films: Role of Electric Conductance and Streaming Current within Porous Structure, Langmuir 26 (2010) 10882-10889

 

Y. Yu, S. Lee, S. Hong, Effect of solution chemistry on organic fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in seawater desalination, J. Membr. Sci. 351 (2010) 205-213

 

M. V. Tres, H. C. Ferraz, R. M. Dallago, M. Di Luccio, J. V. Oliveira, Characterization of polymeric membranes used in vegetable oil/organic solvents separation, J. Membr. Sci. 362 (2010) 495-500

 

N. Wang, G. Zhang, S. Ji, Z. Qin, Z. Liu, The salt-, pH- and oxidant-responsive pervaporation behaviors of weak polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 354 (2010) 14-22

 

  S. P. Sun, K. Y. Wang, D. Rajarathnam, T. A. Hatton, T.-S. Chung, Polyamide-imide Nanofiltration Hollow Fiber Membranes with Elongation-Induced Nano-Pore Evolution, AIChE Journal 56 (2010) 1481-1494

 

A. C. Sagle, E. M. Van Wagner, H. Ju, B. D. McCloskey, B. D. Freeman, M. M. Sharma, PEG-coated reverse osmosis membranes: Desalination properties and fouling resistance, J. Membr. Sci. 340 (2009) 92-108

 

A. Simon, L. D. Nghiem, P. Le-Clech, S. J. Khan, J. E. Drewes, Effects of membrane degradation on the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) by NF/RO filtration processes, J. Membr. Sci. 340 (2009) 16-25

 

A. R. D. Verliefde, E. R. Cornelissen, S. G. J. Heijman, I. Petrinic, T. Luxbacher, B. Van der Bruggen, J. C. van Dijk, Influence of membrane fouling by (pretreated) surface water on rejection of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) by nanofiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 330 (2009) 90-103

 

J. Yang, S. Lee, E. Lee, J. Lee, S. Hong, Effect of solution chemistry on the surface property of reverse osmosis membranes under seawater conditions, Desalination 247 (2009) 148-161

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S. Zhang, H. Matsumoto, K. Saito, M. Minagawa, A. Tanioka, Insulin Transport Across Porous Charged Membranes: Effect of the Electrostatic Interaction, Biotechnol. Progr. 25 (2009) 1379-1386

 

J.-H. Cheng, T.-S. Chung, Self-sharpening phenomenon arisen by ion-exchange membranes in multi-compartment free-flow isoelectric focusing (IEM-FFIEF), Chem. Eng. Sci. 64 (2009) 5222-5230

 

A. Comerton, R. C. Andrews, D. M. Bagley, C. Hao, The rejection of endocrine disrupting and pharmaceutically active compounds by NF and RO membranes as a function of compound and water matrix properties, J. Membr. Sci. 313 (2008) 323-335

 

A. R. D. Verliefde, E. R. Cornelissen, S. G. J. Heijman, J. Q. J. C. Verberk, B. Van der Bruggen, J. C. van Dijk, The role of electrostatic interactions on the rejection of organic solutes in aqueous solutions with nanofiltration, J. Membr. Sci. 322 (2008) 52-66

 

M. Wegmann, B. Michen, T. Luxbacher, J. Fritsch, T. Graule, Modification of ceramic microfilters with colloidal zirconia to promote the adsorption of viruses from water, Water Res. 42 (2008) 1726-1734

 

M. Wegmann, B. Michen, T. Graule, Nanostructures surface modification of microporous ceramics for efficient virus filtration, J. Europ. Ceram. Soc. 28 (2008) 1603-1612

 

A. M. Comerton, R. C. Andrews, D. M. Bagley, P. Yang, Membrane adsorption of endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceutically active compounds, J. Membr. Sci. 303 (2007) 267-277

 

H. Matsumoto, Y. Konosu, N. Kimura, M. Minagawa, A. Tanioka, Membrane potential across reverse osmosis membranes under pressure gradient, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 309 (2007) 272-278

 

H. Matsumoto, H. Yako, M. Minagawa, A. Tanioka, Characterization of chitosan nanofiber fabric by electrospray deposition: Electrokinetic and adsorption behavior, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 310 (2007) 678-681

 

T. Luxbacher, Electrokinetic characterization of flat sheet membranes by streaming current measurement, Desalination 199 (2006) 376-377

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Biomaterials

 

V. Katzur, M. Eichler, E. Deigele, C. Stage, P. Karageorgiev, J. Geis-Gerstorfer, G. Schmalz, S. Ruhl, F. Rupp, R. Müller, Surface-immobilized PAMAM-dendrimers modified with cationic or anionic terminal functions: Physicochemical surface properties and conformational changes after application of liquid interface stress, J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 366 (2012) 179-190

 

S. Lavenus, P. Pilet, J. Guichex, P. Weiss, G. Louarn, P. Layolle, Behaviour of mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts and osteoblasts on smooth surfaces, Acta Biomater. 7 (2011) 1525-1534

 

A. Schrems, A. Kibrom, S. Küpcü, U. B. Sleytr, B. Schuster, Bilayer Lipid Membrane Formation on a Chemically Modified S-Layer Lattice, Langmuir 27 (2011) 3731-3738

 

K. Büchner, N. Ehrhardt, B. P. Cahill, C. Hoffmann, Internal reflection ellipsometry for real-time monitoring of polyelectrolyte multilayer growth onto tantalum pentoxide, Thin Solid Films 519 (2011) 6480-6485

S. Grohmann, H. Rothe, M. Frant, K. Liefeith, Colloidal Force Spectroscopy and Cell Biological Investigations on Biomimetic Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Coatings Composed of Chondroitin Sulfate and Heparin, Biomacromolecules 12 (2011) 1987-1997

 

C.-H. Kuo, H.-Y. Chang, C.-P. Liu, S.-H. Lee, Y.-W. You, J.-J. Shyue, Effect of surface chemical composition on the surface potential and iso-electric point of silicon substrates modified with self-assembled monolayers, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 3649-3653

 

X.-J. Huang, D. Guduru, Z.-K. Xu, J. Vienken, T. Groth, Blood Compatibility and Permeability of Heparin-Modified Polysulfone as Potential Membrane for Simultaneous Hemodialysis and LDL Removal, Macromol. Biosci. 11 (2011) 131-140

 

S.-H. Lee, W.-C. Lin, C.-H. Kuo, M. Karakachian, Y.-C. Lin, B.-Y. Yu, J.-J. Shyue, Photooxidation of Amine-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 10512-10519

 

A. Sh. Asran, K. Razghandi, N. Aggarwal, G. H. Michler, T. Groth, Nanofibers from Blends of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Polyhydroxy Butyrate As Potential Scaffold Material for Tissue Engineering of Skin, Biomacromolecules 11 (2010) 3413-3421

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M. Jelinek, K. Smetana, T. Kocourek, B. Dvorankova, J. Zemek, J. Remsa, T. Luxbacher, Biocompatibility and sp3/sp2 ratio of laser created DLC films, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 169 (2010) 89-93

 

M. Jelínek, T. Kocourek, K. Jurek, J. Remsa, J. Mikšovský, M. Weiserová, J. Strnad, T. Luxbacher, Antibacterial properties of Ag-doped hydroxyapatite layers prepared by PLD method, Appl. Phys. A-Mater. 101 (2010) 615-620

 

M. Jelínek, T. Kocourek, J. Remsa, J. Mikšovský, J. Zemek, K. Smetana, B. Dvoránková, T. Luxbacher, Diamond/graphite content and biocompatibility of DLC films fabricated by PLD, Appl. Phys. A-Mater. 101 (2010) 579-583

 

H. G. Xie, J. N. Zheng, X. X. Li, X. D. Liu, J. Zhu, F. Wang, W. Y. Xie, X. J. Ma, Effect of Surface  Morphology and Charge in the Amount and Conformation of Fibrinogen Adsorbed onto Alginate/Chitosan Microcapsules, Langmuir 26 (2010) 5587-5594

 

M. S. Niepel, D. Peschel, X. Sisquella, J. A. Planell, T. Groth, pH-dependent modulation of fibroblast adhesion on multilayers composed of poly(ethylene imine) and heparin, Biomaterials 30 (2009) 4939-4947

 

Y. Wang, L. Guo, L. Ren, S. Yin, J. Ge, Q. Gao, T. Luxbacher, S. Luo, A study on the performance of hyaluronic acid immobilized chitosan film, Biomed. Mater. 4 (2009) 035009, 1-7

 

Z.-M. Liu, S.-Y. Lee, S. Sarun, D. Peschel, T. Groth, Immobilization of poly(ethylene imine) on poly(L-lactide) promotes MG63 cell proliferation and function, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 20 (2009) 2317-2326

 

W.-C. Lin, S.-H. Lee, M. Karakachian, B.-Y. Yin, Y.-Y. Chen, Y.-C. Lin, C.-H. Kuo, J.-J. Shyue, Tuning the surface potential of gold substrates arbitrarily with self-assembled monolayers with mixed functional groups, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11 (2009) 6199-6204

 

Y.-C. Lin, B.-Y. Yu, W.-C. Lin, Y.-Y. Chen, J.-J. Shyue, Site-Selective Deposition of Gold on Photo-Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayers, Chem. Mater. 20 (2008) 6606-6610

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Polymers

 

T. Preocanin, A. Selmani, P. Lindqvist-Reis, F. Heberling, N. Kallay, J. Lützenkirchen, Surface charge at Teflon/aqueous solution of potassium chloride interfaces, Coll. Surf. A 412 (2012) 120-128

 

N. Slepickova Kasalkova, P. Slepicka, Z. Kolska, P. Sajdl, L. Bacakova, S. Rimpelovy, V. Svorcik, Cell adhesion and proliferation on polyethylene grafted with Au nanoparticles, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 272 (2012) 391-395

 

J. Siegel, R. Krajcar, Z. Kolská, V. Hnatowicz, V. Švorcík, Annealing of gold nanostructures sputtered on polytetrafluoroethylene, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6:588 (2011) 1-6

 

A. Reznickova, Z. Kolska, V. Hnatowicz, V. Svorcik, Nano-structuring of PTFE surface by plasma treatment, etching, and sputtering with gold, J. Nanopart. Res. 13 (2011) 2929-2938

 

A. Reznickova, Z. Kolska, V. Hnatowicz, V. Svorcik, Comparison of glow argon plasma-induced surface changes of thermoplastic polymers, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 269 (2011) 83-88

 

H. Buksek, T. Luxbacher, I. Petrinic, Zeta Potential Determination of Polymeric Materials Using Two Differently Designed Measuring Cells of an Electrokinetic Analyzer, Acta Chim. Slov. 57 (2010) 700-706

 

J. Skvarla, T. Luxbacher, M. Nagy, M. Sisol, Relationship of Surface Hydrophilicity, Charge, and Roughness of PET Foils Stimulated by Incipient Alkaline Hydrolysis, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2 (2010) 2116-2127

 

P. Slepicka, A. Vasina, Z. Kolska, T. Luxbacher, P. Malinsky, A. Mackova, V. Svorcik, Argon plasma    irradiation of polypropylene, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 268 (2010) 2111-2114

 

V. Svorcik, Z. Kolska, T. Luxbacher, J. Mistrik, Properties of Au nanolayer sputtered on polyethyleneterephthalate, Mater. Lett. 64 (2010) 611-613

 

T. Luxbacher, Electrokinetics on Polymer Surfaces: The Zeta Potential as an Indicator for Swelling and Adsorption Processes, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 3 (2010) 74-78

 

P. Pacher, A. Lex, V. Proschek, O. Werzer, P. Frank, S. Temmel, W. Kern, R. Resel, A. Winkler, C. Slugovc, R. Schennach, G. Trimmel, E. Zojer, Characterizing Chemically Reactive Thin Layers: Surface Reaction of [2-[4-(Chlorosulfonyl)phenyl]ethyl]trichlorosilane with Ammonia, J. Phys. Chem. C 111 (2007) 12407-12413

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Textile

 

L. Ripoll, C. Bordes, P. Marote, S. Etheve, A. Elaissari, H. Fessi, Electrokinetic properties of bare or nanoparticle-functionalized textile fabrics, Coll. Surf. A 397 (2012) 24-32

 

 D. Stawski, C. Bellmann, Electrokinetic properties of polypropylene textile fabrics containing          deposited layers of polyelectrolytes, Colloids Surf., A 345 (2009) 191-194

 

T. Luxbacher, T. Pusic, I. Petrinic,Monitoring the Washing Efficiency of Stained Cotton Fabrics by Streaming Potential Measurement, Proc. 4th ITC&DC, ed. (kein download möglich)

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Minerals

 

F. Heberling, T. P. Trainor, J. Lützenkirchen, P. Eng, M. A. Denecke, D. Bosbach, Structure and reactivity of the calcite-water interface, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 354 (2011) 843-857

 

J. Lützenkirchen, C. Richter, F. Brandenstein, Some data and simple models for the silanated glass-electrolyte interface, Adsorption 16 (2010) 249-258

 

J. Lützenkirchen, R. Zimmermann, T. Preocanin, A. Filby, T. Kupcik, D. Küttner, A. Abdelmonem, D. Schild, T. Rabung, M. Plaschke, F. Brandenstein, C. Werner, H. Geckeis, An attempt to explain bimodal behaviour of the sapphire c-plane electrolyte interface, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 157 (2010) 61-74

 

J. Lützenkirchen, T. Kupcik, M. Fuss, C. Walther, A. Sarpola, O. Sundman, Adsorption of Al13-Keggin clusters to sapphire c-plane single crystals: Kinetic observations by streaming current measurements, Appl. Surf. Sci. 256 (2010) 5406-5411

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Microfluidics

 

M. Brücher, A. von Bohlen, P. Jacob, J. Franzke, M. Radtke, U. Reinholz, B. R. Müller, O. Scharf, R. Hergenröder, The Charge of Solid-Liquid Interfaces Measured by X-Ray Standing Waves and Streaming Current, ChemPhysChem 11 (2011) 2118-2123

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Theory

 

M. Brücher, A. von Bohlen, P. Jacob, J. Franzke, M. Radtke, U. Reinholz, B. R. Müller, O. Scharf, R. Hergenröder, The Charge of Solid–Liquid Interfaces Measured by X-Ray Standing Waves and Streaming Current, ChemPhysChem 11 (2010) 2118-2123

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Fibers

 

>D. Cho, S. Lee, M. W. Frey, Characterizing zeta potential of functional nanofibers in a microfluidic device, J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 372 (2012) 252-260

 

>J. V. Edwards, N. T. Prevost, B. Condon, A. French, Covalent attachment of lysozyme to cotton/cellulose materials: protein verses solid support activation, Cellulose 18 (2011) 1239-1249


L. L. Yang, D. Ge, H. Wei, F. He, X. D. He, Morphology and characterization of ITO-Ag-ITO films on fibers by layer-by-layer method, Appl. Surf. Sci. 255 (2009) 8197-8201

 

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Proteins

 

B. E. Feller, J. T. Kellis Jr., L. G. Cascao-Pereira, C. R. Robertson, C. W. Frank, Interfacial Biocatalysis on Charged and Immobilized Substrates: The Roles of Enzyme and Substrate Surface Charge, Langmuir 27 (2011) 250-263

 

H. Hardelauf, J. Sisnaiske, A. A. Taghipour-Anvari, P. Jacob, E. Drabiniok, U. Marggraf, J.-P. Frimat, J. G. Hengstler, A. Neyer, C. van Thiel, J. West, High fidelity neuronal networks formed by plasma masking with a bilayer membrane: analysis of neurodegenerative and neuroprotective processes, Lab Chip 11 (2011) 2763-2777


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Zeta potential for solid surface analysis

In 1905 Austrian-Polish scientist  Marjan von Smoluchowski introduced the fundamental equations that correlate electrokinetic effects such as electrophoretic mobility, electro-osmotic flow, and streaming potential with the zeta potential at the solid/liquid interface.

 

While the zeta potential received attention for the characterization of colloidal dispersions in conjunction with particle size measurement in the middle of the last century, a commercial instrument for zeta potential analysis of macroscopic solid surfaces was not available until 1990.

 


In 1986 Prof. Hans-Jörg Jacobasch and coworkers at the Institute of Polymer Technology in Dresden, Germany (IPF, today’s Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research) submitted a patent for a “Method for Determining the Zeta Potential of Solid Materials”. The scientific cooperation of IPF with Karl-Franzens University Graz enabled the link to Anton Paar and the start of a long-living collaboration.

 


The first EKA Electro Kinetic Analyzer was introduced in 1990 and is still in use at Yale University (New Haven, CT, USA). Ten years later the EKA was released in the new corporate design, featuring improved technology and a Microsoft Windows based operating software.


Once again the collaboration with IPF started the development of EKA’s successor, the SurPASS instrument. Besides becoming a state-of-the-art zeta potential analyzer for various kinds of solid materials, SurPASS is the first instrument ever to perform streaming current measurement. This important feature gives access to conductive sample measurement and increases the reliability of zeta potential information for solid surfaces.

SurPASS paves the way for the zeta potential in solid surface analysis – from a scientific toy to a source of valuable information for industrial applications.

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